牛粪-化肥配施对水稻田氮磷迁移转化的影响

在控制外源N输入量相同的前提下,通过田间小区实验,探讨有机肥与化肥不同施用量（牛粪施用量：5,10,20t/hm²）对稻田田间土-水界面氮磷迁移转化特征的影响.结果表明：控制稻田水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN和TP输出的最佳时期分别为施肥后的第5,30,7,20d,且TN和TP浓度随时间变化符合单指数衰减方程（0.7444≤R²≤0.9724;1.1×10^-6≤F≤0.0055）.采用牛粪部分代替化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田退水中TN、TP输出负荷（41.8%、36.0%、64.3%;20.3%、39.1%、48.9%）,还可以降低稻田水中N/P,降低水体富营养化风险.同时,牛粪的施用可提高土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,促进氮磷向植物可吸收形态转化.综合经济成本和生态效益核算,采用10t有机肥代替无机肥的处理是相对经济环保的施肥方法,该施肥方式下,氮磷年输出负荷分别为17.70,1.26kg/hm².     

牛粪堆肥升温菌剂的筛选及其作用机制

以糖、淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素培养基及菌株增殖倍数、菌株性能等为筛选方法,从牛粪低温堆肥中筛选不同原料重要功能菌并组成功能菌剂;以不同类别原料菌及单菌株发酵实验对升温机制进行研究。结果表明,芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、纤维单胞菌及小孢霉菌等为重要功能菌;菌剂起温快,升温效果好,48 h堆体即由低温进入中温,5 d达到高温,腐熟时间可缩短至约17~18 d;糖功能菌升温效果最为显著,淀粉及蛋白质功能菌次之,纤维素功能菌升温能力较弱;菌株利用各种原料能力越强,增殖速度越快,对升温作用越大。各菌株充分利用基质各成分,紧密协同和促进,是低温堆体发酵升温的主要作用机制。     

Biomethanation of plant materials and agricultural residues using dung samples as wild population of microbes and also with isolated methanogens

Recycling of plant materials and agricultural residues for biomethanation was attempted in vials. The methanogenic activities of certain sewage samples have also been tested. Both sterilized and non-sterilized biomasses were used. Biomethanation was carried out with dung samples (cow, goat, buffalo, piggery wastes and poultry wash) as wild populations of microbes and in combination with other microbial isolates (isolated in the laboratory).Biomethanation had been observed to be good in most cases and particularly with the sterilized biomass. Mixed inoculum (dung samples and poultry wash) was found to be best for biomethanation. Of the microbe isolates, isolates from buffalo, pig and paper mill wastes appear to be most effective. Pretreated sawdust and rice straw were found to be good subtrates for biomethanation. Of the different plant biomass used Spirogyra (algae), Ipomea and water hyacinth were most effective whereas Jatropa gossypifolia and Parthenium sp. were the least effective. Biomethanation of Spirogyra was carried out both in anoxic and oxic conditions. Though methane production decreased enormously under oxic conditions, definite methane production continued indicating that the biomethanation process is not exclusively anoxic. Similarly, biomethanation of sewage samples from different sewage treatment plants were carried out with and without isolated methanogens and methane production was found to be moderate.     

Understanding Trait‐Dependent Community Disassembly: Dung Beetles,Density Functions,and Forest Fragmentation

Abstract: Anthropogenic disturbances such as fragmentation are rapidly altering biodiversity, yet a lack of attention to species traits and abundance patterns has made the results of most studies difficult to generalize. We determined traits of extinction‐prone species and present a novel strategy for classifying species according to their population‐level response to a gradient of disturbance intensity. We examined the effects of forest fragmentation on dung beetle communities in an archipelago of 33 islands recently created by flooding in Venezuela. Species richness, density, and biomass all declined sharply with decreasing island area and increasing island isolation. Species richness was highly nested, indicating that local extinctions occurred nonrandomly. The most sensitive dung beetle species appeared to require at least 85 ha of forest, more than many large vertebrates. Extinction‐prone species were either large‐bodied, forest specialists, or uncommon. These explanatory variables were unrelated, suggesting at least 3 underlying causes of extirpation. Large species showed high wing loading (body mass/wing area) and a distinct flight strategy that may increase their area requirements. Although forest specificity made most species sensitive to fragmentation, a few persistent habitat generalists dispersed across the matrix. Density functions classified species into 4 response groups on the basis of their change in density with decreasing species richness. Sensitive and persistent species both declined with increasing fragmentation intensity, but persistent species occurred on more islands, which may be due to their higher baseline densities. Compensatory species increased in abundance following the initial loss of sensitive species, but rapidly declined with increasing fragmentation. Supertramp species (widespread habitat generalists) may be poor competitors but strong dispersers; their abundance peaked following the decline of the other 3 groups. Nevertheless, even the least sensitive species were extirpated or rare on the smallest and most isolated islands.     

Defensive volatile secretions of two diplopod species attract the carrion ball roller scarab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Canthon morsei</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Summary. We report field and laboratory evidence indicating that the defensive compounds secreted by the millipedes Amplinus bitumidus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) and Anadenobolus putealis (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) attract the carrion scarab Canthon morsei (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). In a Mexican tropical rain forest, C. morsei was mostly caught in pitfall traps baited with the carcasses of both millipede species. Only a few beetles were attracted to fish carrion. Experimental evidence indicates that C. morsei is attracted to freshly dead millipedes. Benzaldehyde and HCN were identified from Amplinus bitumidus; but 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (toluquinone) and 2-methoxy- 3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone from Anadenobolus putealis. Benzaldehyde attracted significantly more C. morsei individuals than fish meat, or millipedes of both species did after rinsing in hexane. This is the first report of Polydesmida attracting dung beetles.     

奶牛粪便排泄系数测定

随着奶牛养殖业的发展,养殖粪便也大幅度的增加,而准确量化所产生的污染物,是环保部门需要解决的问题。通过实验测定奶牛粪便排泄系数,有利于对奶牛养殖污染物的排放进行管理。     

施用牛粪肥和复混肥对碳酸盐岩试片溶蚀作用影响的室内模拟研究

农业施肥影响土壤的理化性质,影响土壤碳酸盐风化动力学,以至影响碳循环系统。本研究通过土柱模拟试验,结合底部埋置碳酸盐岩试片,依据淋滤液的水化学对比分析,研究了施用牛粪肥及复混肥对土下碳酸盐岩试片溶蚀作用的影响。结果表明,施用牛粪肥后,淋滤液中的HCO-3、C1^～、NH4＋、耗氧量（COD）、K＋、Ca2＋、Mg＋、N...     

猪粪、木屑混合物蚯蚓堆制处理中蚓体Cu、Zn富集的影响因素

采用室内接种法,以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）构建生物反应器,研究猪粪、木屑混合物的蚯蚓堆制处理中,蚓体的生长状况及影响其Cu、Zn富集的主要因素。结果表明,接种密度为40 mg.g-1、湿度为75%同时有利于蚯蚓生长和基质消耗;温度为15℃对蚓体质量增加最有利,而温度为20℃最利于基质消耗;m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4可同时利于蚓体质量增加和基质消耗。适宜的接种密度（48 mg.g-1）、湿度（70%）、温度（15℃）及较高比例的碳源辅料〔m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4〕有利于蚓体对Cu的吸收和富集;低接种密度和高比例碳源辅料有利于蚓体对Zn的吸收,湿度和温度对蚓体Zn含量无显著影响,但蚓体Zn富集量分别在接种密度48 mg.g-1、m（猪粪）∶m（木屑）为6∶4、湿度75%和温度15℃条件下达最大。     

粪斑对结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤氮素的影响

研究了结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤氮素的季节性变化特征．结果表明：结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤的全氮量和C／N比值的变化与草地土壤总的肥力水平有关，同时也受到草地放牧的强度和历史的影响；但无机态氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)却较少受到这些因素的影响；铵态氮在根系层土壤的无机态氮总量中占优势．在所研究的放牧草地上，放牧牛在前一年排泄的粪斑对下一个生长季根系层土壤氮素水平的影响很小，因此，由粪斑引起的结缕草放牧草地根系层土壤氮素的空间异质性持续时间一般可能不会超过两个生长季．表1参10     

不同改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂的改良效果研究

研究了用蒙脱石、稻草和鸡粪作为改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂有效养分、有效态重金属含量、pH值以及对尾矿砂上黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明 :(1 )蒙脱石可显著提高尾矿砂对铵态氮的保留能力 ;(2 )施肥可降低尾矿砂的pH值 ,施用鸡粪可使尾矿砂pH值下降约 1个单位 ,而添加蒙脱石和稻草对尾矿砂pH值未产生明显影响 ;(3 )添加蒙脱石可使尾矿砂中铜、锌的有效态含量降低 ,而添加稻草和鸡粪则使其有效态重金属含量增高 ;(4 )随改良剂添加量的增加 ,蒙脱石和鸡粪处理组黑麦草吸收铜、锌的量减少而稻草处理组则增加 ;(5 ) 3种改良剂可明显影响尾矿砂上黑麦草的生长状况